The study is a factorial, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, with directly observed supplement intake. Pregnant women were randomly assigned to receive either iron folid acid (IFA) or United Nations International Multiple Micronutrient Antenatal Preparation (UNIMMAP) daily until 3 months after delivery. The primary outcomes examined were gestational duration, birth weight, birth length, and Rohrer ponderal index at birth [weight (g) × 100/length3 (cm)]. Secondary outcomes were low birth weight (LBW) (<2500 g), small-for-gestational age (SGA; birth weight below the 10th percentile of a reference population) (36), large for gestational age (LGA; birth weight above the 90th percentile of the study population), thoracic circumference, head circumference, mid-upper arm circumference, hemoglobin concentration in mothers during the third trimester, hemoglobin and sTfR concentrations in cord blood, preterm birth (born at <37 wk of gestation), stillbirth (delivery of an infant showing no sign of life after a gestational age of 28 wk), and perinatal death.